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Leo the Mathematician
Leo the Mathematician or the Philosopher ( or Φιλόσοφος, ''Léōn o Mathēmatikós'' or ''Philósophos''; c. 790 – after 869) was a Byzantine philosopher and logician associated with the Macedonian Renaissance and the end of Iconoclasm. His only preserved writings are some notes contained in manuscripts of Plato's dialogues. He has been called a "true Renaissance man"〔Marcus Louis Rautman (2006), ''Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-32437-9), 294–95.〕 and "the cleverest man in Byzantium in the 9th century". He was archbishop of Thessalonica and later became the head of the Magnaura School of philosophy in Constantinople, where he taught Aristotelian logic.
== Life ==
Leo was born in Thessaly, a cousin of the Patriarch of Constantinople, John the Grammarian. In his youth he was educated at Constantinople, but he travelled to the monasteries of Andros, where he could obtain rare manuscripts and was taught mathematics by an old monk. He originally taught privately in obscurity in Constantinople. The story goes that when one of his students〔According to the Pseudo-Symeon, this student was, Boïditzes, who betrayed Amorium to the caliph.〕 was captured during the Byzantine–Arab Wars, the Caliph al-Mamun was so impressed by his knowledge of mathematics that he offered Leo great riches to come to Baghdad.〔According to Joseph Genesius and Theophanes Continuatus between 829 and 833; Symeon the Logothete makes the caliph al-Mutasim and puts the invitation after the Islamic conquest of Armorium in the fall of 838, cf. 〕 Leo took the letter from the caliph to the Byzantine emperor Theophilos, who, impressed by his international repute, conferred on him a school (''ekpaideutērion'') in either the Magnaura or the church of the Forty Martyrs.〔Symeon says the Magnaura, Continuatus the Forty Martyrs (Treadgold, "Chronological Accuracy ", 186).〕
In the version of the story recorded by Theophanes Continuatus, the caliph, upon receiving Leo's letter of refusal, sent a letter requesting answers to some difficult questions of geometry and astrology, which Leo obliged. Al-Mamun then offered two thousands pounds of gold and a perpetual peace to Theophilos, if only he could borrow Leo's services briefly; the request was declined. The emperor then honoured Leo by having John the Grammarian consecrate him metropolitan of Thessalonica, which post he held from the spring of 840 to 843. There is a discrepancy in this account, however, in that the caliph died in 833. It has been suggested that either the connection between the caliph's final letter and Leo's appointment as metropolitan is in error, or the caliph in question was actually al-Mustasim. This latter option squares with the account of Symeon the Logothete, who makes Leo teach at the Magnaura from late 838 to early 840 and was paid handsomely.〔Treadgold, "Chronological Accuracy ", 172.〕
Leo, an iconoclast sometimes accused of paganism, lost his metropolitancy with the end of Iconoclasm in 843.〔Warren T. Treadgold (1997), ''A history of the Byzantine state and society'' (Stanford University Press), 447.〕 Despite this, he delivered a sermon favourable of icons within months of Theophilos' death.〔Warren T. Treadgold (1988), ''The Byzantine Revival, 780–842'' (Stanford University Press), 372.〕 Around 855, Leo was appointed at the head of a newly established Magnaura School by Bardas.〔Treadgold, "Chronological Accuracy ", 187, believes, on the basis of the Logothete's account, that this occurred in 843 and was a re-founding of Theophilos' school.〕 He was renowned for his philosophical, mathematical, medical, scientific, literary, philological, astronomic, and astrological learning, and was patronised by Theoktistos and befriended by Photios I of Constantinople. Cyril was his student. Leo has been credited with a system of beacons (an optical telegraph) stretching across Asia Minor from Cilicia to Constantinople, which gave advance warning of Arab raids, as well as diplomatic communication. Leo also invented several automata, such as trees with moving birds, roaring lions, and a levitating imperial throne.〔 The throne was in operation a century later, when Liutprand of Cremona witnessed it during his visit to Constantinople.〔 Records Liutprand's description.〕〔For a detailed discussion of Leo's telegraph and his automata, see Leone Montagnini (2002), ("Leone il Matematico, un anello mancante nella storia della scienza", ) ''Studi sull'Oriente Cristiano'', 6 (2), 89–108.〕
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